speakers (day 2)   >>>      

  
"Small-Scale Mining and the Local Government Unit of Itogon"

Godio, Mario

Gold mining was being done in Itogon before the Chinese traded with the Philippines. After the Spanish war, the Americans took over having won the war.  The Americans came to discover gold in the hills of Benguet particularly in Itogon and found native panners along the Antamok River.  They soon bought the land and take claim on the area and in 1902 started formally the large-scale mining.  Soon other mining firms came about.  Though the big mining firms are operating, the natives and other immigrants continued to pan and operate as small-scale miners.  They still thrive up to this day, while all the large-scale mining firms closed and one is on the verge of folding up.  The area was proclaimed watershed.  The small-scale miners are operating in an underground economy, thus taxes are a no no to them, which is a problem of the Local Government Unit (LGU).   We try to protect them but do not get anything from them, except that they have livelihood which lowers several problems.

The Speaker
Municipal Mayor
Municipality of Itogon
2604 Benguet Province
Philippines
Mobile Phone: 0920-9045066
Fax No: (63)(74)442-3526

I grew up in a mining community in the municipality of Itogon, Benguet Province. My father was a half Kankanaey and Ibaloi. My mother is a predominant Kalanguya with traces of Kankanaey and Ibaloi. My father worked in the lumberyard that supplies the big mines (Benguet Corporation the Benguet Consolidated, Inc.). I finish high school in the place where I live in a high school put up by the mines. Finished my Bachelor’s Degree in Commerce at the Saint Louis University in Baguio. Worked as a revenue collector in the municipality from 1975 to 1982, was elected Barangay Captain (1982-1986) of Loakan where one mining community is located, Antamok Mines, 1982-1986. Appointed as councilor in an OIC capacity after the EDSA 1, 1986-1988. Was elected councilor in 1988 to 1992. Was Executive Assistant to the mayor for a year in 1993 and appointed as Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator of the municipality from 1994 to 2001. Elected as mayor in the election of May 2001 and reelected in May 2004.
  

  
"Free and Informed Prior Consent"

Sugguiyao, Natividad B.

The Speaker
Provincial officer 
National Commission of Indigenous peoples 
Tabuk, Kalinga
Philippines
Cell phone :0920 205 2680
E-mail : [email protected]

Ms. Natividad B. Sugguiyao heads the NCIP Provincial office in the Province of Kalinga. The NCIP is currently undertaking the Conversion of the Balbalan Certificate of Ancestral Domain certificate (CADC) to Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title (CADT). With Kalinga as one of the destinations of mineral ore explorers, NCIP Kalinga takes the lead role in the FPIC process.

Ms. Sugguiyao is an active environmentalist and aggressively advocates indigenous people’s rights for the management and development of their ancestral domain natural resources. With her initiatives, she has brought Kalinga to the ecotourism map and as a world-class whitewater destination. Kalinga has a model community based ecotourism outfit that is owned, developed and managed by the Kalingas themselves.

Ms.Sugguiyao comes from i-Lubo sub tribes of Tanudan, Kalinga .
  

  
"State Interests in Small-Scale Mining as Reflected in Mining Legislations
of some Countries in the Asia-Pacific Region"

Bugnosen, Edmund M.

The economic importance of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) well as its attendant adverse environmental and social effects have encouraged many countries to adopt legislative measures to address the sector. Policy approaches, however, is diverse, and the search for an appropriate and responsive legislation continues. In some countries, ASM issues are tackled and integrated within the general mining legislations, while others have enacted separate and specific ASM laws.

This paper attempts to provide an overview of the different regulatory measures and practices that were adopted to date. General comments and observations on some of the key components of the various legislative measures are provided. Otherwise it is hoped that the presentation it will provide an opportune space to allow further discussions and exchange of ideas on how best to regulate ASM activities especially within the Asia-Pacific region.

  
"Role / Rigmarole— Minor Miner!!"

Goyal, Gagan

The topic is a very less discussed subject at the international circles dealing with the small-scale-mining studies. India is a well-known big democracy; and a big bureaucracy too. In India a prospective mine owner has to pass through many procedures which are strange and difficult enough to demotivate any entrepreneur even before business starts.

In India all the minerals used for the construction purposes, are known as Minor Minerals and their mining is done at the small-scale level, all remaining minerals used for industrial and other purposes are known as major minerals. The grant of permission for mining (lease) for major minerals is set and governed by the Central Government of India and that of the minor minerals by the respective state governments. These minor minerals include Natural Dimension Stones (marble, granite, sandstone, slates); quartzite; phyllites; schists etc. the mining of all these are done at a small scale sector and this sector is definitely an unorganised sector of mining in India.

As an estimate out of total applications for the grant of minor minerals lease about 10% are finalised and rest all are rejected or withdrawn at the some of the just about stages. After filing the application at the office of the mining authority, the applicant has to submit all information about the status of the land, mineral availability, natural / manmade features, forest boundaries etc. Then he has to convince the mining engineer, geologists, surveyors and draughtsmen in the mining department. Later he has to seek “No Object Certificates” (NOC) from the surveyors and other officials at the forest department. This is followed by NOC by the landowners, local village committees and various hierarchies of District Collector. If application survives through all this, the applicant has to seek NOC from the Pollution Board, prepare “Eco Friendly Mining Plan” and get it approved. If he is successful to get all these things, he will get the lease of the area after a bit more of persuasion.

After all this he has to face the problems of approach roads, resistance of villagers and also of the illegal miners in the area (if any). Still last but largest problem arrives now. The mine owner has gone through all this rigmarole totally in the anticipation of a good deposit. Its now at this stage that he prospects the area. The mine owner spends a lot of money in the hope of a good deposit, but it is not always a happy ending story. Only in less than 10% cases that the mine owner hits a very good deposit, in about 20-30% cases the mine owner manages to survive themselves with meagre profits and working on the break evens. In all the remaining cases the mine owners quit the mining area after a year or two, depending on his the financial sustainability, with a huge loss and or big debts from the market.

The government does not provide any indemnity to the mine owners or any assistance in the process of setting up or starting the mines. It only works as an agency for the revenue generation, without bothering about the requirements, problems and the future of the industry.

This article is an attempt to draw the attention of the international community towards the darker side of good-looking small-scale mining in India.

full paper in pdf file (148 kb) >>   

Dr. Gagan Goyal is from the world famous Pink City, Jaipur. He was born in the home of an eminent geo scientist. He has done his masters in financial management, followed by a PhD in the “Critical appraisal of the working of marble industry in Rajasthan”. So far this is the only PhD being done on such a topic in India.

He is a consultant in the field of mining and export trade of Dimension stones from India. These include – marble; slate; sandstone; granite etc. He has been writing about this industry for past Five years in many Indian and international publications. He is active in the field of marble and slate mining for last nine years. He is also member of “Centre for Development of Stones” (CDOS), which is a Semi Government organization working for the development of dimension stones industry in India. Dr. Goyal has also written a book called “Marble Industry of Rajasthan” which is used as a reference book by all related to the industry and leading libraries all over world. This book covers all aspects related to the marble industry in Rajasthan ranging from geology, mining, regulations, economics, technology, processing, environment and future of the industry.
  

  
"The Dilemma of small-scale mining in the Bangka Tin Island, Indonesia"

Sujitno, Sutedjo and Suryadi Saman, Msc

Tin mining in Bangka has been exploiting since 300 years ago. Originally local people had access to exploit the mine, but since the beginning of 19^th century it was exploited by the state, both the colonial and post colonial periods (Old Order and New Order Regime). Since that time, tin is regarded as a strategic community which must be managed by the state. After the economic crisis of 1997 and the political transformation followed by the implementation of regional autonomy at the beginning of 2001, people’s mining emerged and its amount increase rapidly. There are about 18,000 mine sites of the people’s mine which can be divided into groups, consisting for 5 persons for each group. The system of mining exploitation tends to be unfriendly for environmental aspects, giving negative impact on the water, ground, and human conditions. Mining accidents became daily news for local people.

At least there are three reasons to rampant mining activities. 1.) Change in status of tin, from ‘mineral strategies’ monopolized by the government/ state to ‘free mineral commodity’. This means that anyone can exploit and market it. 2.) The implementation of regional autonomy law has given a good chance to local government both at provincial and district level to manage the resource. 3.) The increase demand of tin at international market. The rampant mining activities had led a dilemma for local government to manage limited source of tin.

This paper tries to explain local government policies in regulating the mining activities, increasing the mining community awareness of limited resources and environment, and local economic development.

Coordinator of Majelis Konsultasi Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung
( Consultative Assembly of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province )
Secretary : Mrs. Ekawati
Mobile phone : +62816883019
Kompleks Gubernur Air Itam, Biro Umum
Pangkalpinang-Bangka, INDONESIA

SUTEDJO SUJITNO (67); Graduated ( 1962) from Intstitute Teknologi Bandung as Mining Exploration Engineer; A retired Senior Geologist of PT.Tambang Timah ( Indonesian Tin State Enterpirise ); Active from 1963 – 2002 ;The last position was Head of Exploration Division, responsible of maintaining tin ore reserves through out the country. Recently , join a tin mining company that expanding to multi heavy metal mining company, PT. PRIMA KASDERA LOGAM INDONESIA, as Senior Adviser.

In social capacity, acting as Coordinator of Majelis Konsultasi Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Consultative Assembly of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province), adviser to the Governor Bangka Belitung Islands, particularly for non politic issues; Nowadays Small Scale Minings is one of the issue consider as fire ball.
 

  
"The Pressure of Migrant Illegal Miners on the Dynamic of Local Community:
On 1998 Pongkor Gold Mining Case"

Pudjiastuti, Tri Nuke

Based on my research, the paper will discuss the dynamic of Pongkor local community and legal miners from many other places in Indonesia, especially around riot on 1998. The high mobility of traditional miners at that time was mostly migrant workers from Lampung and Lebak, which have descended on Pongkor and mined for gold without the company’s permission for many years.

It indicated that the forceful of migrant illegal miners had been pressure not only to the Company, but also to local community around the mine site. The migrant illegal miners brought their own cultures and sometimes the local community had to follow them as much as they want. The role of “Jawara” gave any touch on the kind of local security and intervened the local policy authority.

The dynamic of local community gradually changed. It has shown for many years and changed the way of life and kind of job. The identity was constructed. Even though since around 2003 the situation has changed, which only a few migrant illegal miners at Pongkor mountain, but it’s hard for many young generation of local community to find their own way of life.

full paper in pdf file (221 kb) >>   

The Speaker
Research Center for Politics
The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (P2P-LIPI)
E-mail : [email protected]
 

  
"Legal and Illegal Mining Activities: Case Study in Tin Mines in Bangka Island"

Erman, Erwiza

Illegal mining is not a new phenomenon in Indonesia. Before and after Independence, local people in the Bangka and Belitung islands had carried out illegal mining and illegal tin trade. Under the New Order regime (1966-1998), the first official illegal mining activity was found in the Lusang Gold Mining Company, Lebong Tandai in the province of Bengkulu, South Sumatra in the early 1980s. Later, since the economic crisis of 1997 and political transition from authoritarian regime to reform era, illegal mining spread to coal, tin, diamonds, and even to a group mining minerals. Illegal mining operations occur on the periphery of legal mining in sixteenth provinces, mainly in West Sumatra, West Java, throughout Kalimantan and North Sulawesi. By choosing the tin mining activities in Bangka island, as case study, this paper tries to answer the questions what is the basis for distinguishing between ‘traditional’ and ‘modern’, 'artisinal’ and ‘mechanical’, ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’, or ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ activities in the coal mining business, and what are the policy implications of such distinctions?

The Speaker
Indonesian Institute of Sciences
Indonesia
Phone : 021 5251542
Fax : 62 21 5201602
E-mail : [email protected]
 

    
"Mercury Contamination Associated with Small-Scale Gold Mining in the
Upper Ambalanga River, Benguet, Philippines from River Sediment Sampling"

Maglambayan, Victor; Satoshi Murao; Tierry Jerome C. Corpus; Koichiro Sera; Shoji Futatsugawa and Masamichi Tsuji

Small-scale gold mining of the nontraditional type in the area of Upper Ambalanga River basin in Benguet province in the Philippines has been going on for many years. Mercury being an illegal substance, people hide its use and the local government finds it difficult to confirm where it is used. Mercury amalgamation is used haphazardly and with little regulation. Mercury is released into the environment in the form of tailings, wastewater and vapor from the roasting of amalgam in order to separate gold. The earliest indication of abnormal levels of Hg in the area was found through the random testing of scalp hair among residents in Upper Acupan Camp. The objective of the river sediment sampling is to determine the sites of Hg discharge on two separate occasions. Sampling of river sediments was conducted as a first approximation of the extent of mercury contamination that has resulted from this type of gold mining. Three sites from among ten or so sites were found to be actively using mercury. The concentration of total Hg in stream sediments (nil-3,600 ng/g) is greater than background values by a factor of up to 6000%. Methyl mercury (MeHg) concentration was detectible only in sediments and constitute 0.2 to 75% of the total Hg in sediments.

full paper in pdf file (70 kb) >>  

The Speaker
Victor Maglambayan
Associate Professor
University of the Philippines - Diliman
Philippines
Phone : +63-2-9296047
Mobile Phone : 0917-327-0782
Email : [email protected]

Victor Maglambayan is an experienced mining and exploration geologist and associate professor of geology.  He is currently teaching basic courses in geology for science and non-science students, structural geology and economic geology in the National Institute of Geological Sciences of the University of the Philippines Diliman.  He obtained BS in geology degree in the same university in 1979. He first worked as instructor in UP in 1979, then worked as junior geologist for Acoje Mining Co.  He was assigned in the Sta. Cruz, Zambales metallurgical chromite mine and the Omasdang chromite mine in Dinagat island in Mindanao.  He joined Philex Mining Corp. in 1988 and was assigned to many prospects of gold, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) and porphyry copper prospects in Central Philippines. He obtained his MSc and PhD degrees in Akita University, Japan.  His master’s thesis was on Uwamuki No.4 Kuroko deposit in Akita prefecture. His dissertation was about the Bulawan disseminated gold deposit in Negros island in the Philippines.  Since 1998, he rejoined UP and became director of his institute from 2001 to 2004.  He is currently president of the Philippine Minerals Development Institute Foundation, the thinktank of the Philippine minerals industry. He was also consultant to Philex Mining Corporation in 2004.  He is the author of 8 ISI-indexed papers in international journals.
 

Appel, Peter W. Uitterdijk

During recent surveys in Mongolia the drastic increase of small-scale mining during the last five years has been investigated by World Bank and other organisations.  Coal, fluorspar and gold are the main commodities mined.  The change to market economy after the collapse of the Soviet system combined with severe weather conditions has changed the means of income of the population from herding to small-scale mining.  From almost zero in 1998 there are now more than 100.000 small-scale miners Mongolia and the number is rapidly increasing.  Most of the small-scale mining is carried out under dangerous conditions and the widespread use of mercury has caused serious health problems and environmental degradation.  Training courses have been held for small-scale miners in recycling mercury and alternative methods of gold extraction.  Methods of cleaning small and medium sized mercury spills have been discussed with officials and owners of small gold extraction plants.  Teaching and training programmes for medical doctors have been planned in cooperation with the government of Mongolia.

full paper in pdf file (365 kb) >>  

The Speaker
Senior Research Scientist
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)
Oester Voldgade 10, DK 1350, Copenhagen
Denmark
Phone : +45 3814 2214
Fax : +45 3814 2250
Email : [email protected]

Peter W. Uitterdijk Appel has more than 25 years experience in mineral resources assessment, including mineral exploration in Greenland, Tanzania and Lesotho. He has worked as consultant to World Bank, UNDP and Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs with environmental, health and gender issues within small-scale (artisanal) mining in Lesotho, Tanzania, Lao PDR, Kyrgyz Republic and Mongolia. He has experience in teaching small-scale miners in Kyrgyz Republic and Mongolia, and more than 20 years experience of research in metallogenesis of greenstone belts in different parts of the World. He has experience in Sources of Growth studies for World Bank in Lao PDR and Kyrgyz Republic, experience as Government inspector on exploration and exploitation activities by commercial mining companies in Greenland, experience as teacher in ore geology at University of Copenhagen, experience as project leader of large international research projects, and experience as manager of large scale exploration projects in Greenland.
  

  
"The Problem Of Health and Safety Issues In Gold Mining Communities 
in South Kalimantan"

Adnan, Ricardi

Small scale mining activities have been known in the island of Kalimantan. Gold mine is one of the small scale mining activities which been exploited since 1980s. Its activities have given positive contribution for local people and local economy. But nevertheless, gold miners tend to neglect safety condition.

This paper tries to answer the following questions : “what are the key health and safety issues, or environmental impact issues, which need to be addressed in the ASM sector, how are these issues currently addressed in policy and practice, and how can governments and communities work together to address them more effectively?”

full paper in pdf file (298 kb) >> 

The Speaker
Lecturer
Department of Sociology
1^st floor, B Building Faculty of Social and Political Sciences
University of Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok
Indonesia
Mobile Phone : 0812-9292-452
Fax : +62 +021 787 0612
Email : [email protected]

Ricardi S. Adnan is a sociologist and a lecturer at University Indonesia. After completing his undergraduate program in Sociology, he worked for an Electronic Company – Japan’s group for two years. He continued his experience in a Consultant Company about four years. While he was working at those companies, he was also a lecturer at University. He has been involved in more than 30 researches both Social and Marketing/ Business matters. He pursued his study for Master degree in Business Administration at University Indonesia (1998 – 2000).

He conducted research for Caltex Pacific Indonesia (CPI) in 1994-1995. He is interested in the subject of mining sector since 2000 while he was a consultant of Pertamina – Indonesia Oil Company, and PT KPC (Kaltim Prima Coal) – at that time it was owned by Rio Tinto. Recently, he is also concerned with the subject on small scale mining (SSM) in Indonesia, particularly in Kalimantan. At the moment, he is an affiliate with Laboratory of Sociology, and a research staff of Selo Soemardjan Research Centre.
 

  
"Mercury Problems in Mongolia"

Baatar, Tumenbayar

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